اقتصاد کشاورزی و روستایی

اقتصاد کشاورزی و روستایی

تنوع‌بخشی معیشت روستایی ایران: بومی‌سازی الگوهای جهانی

مقالات آماده انتشار

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
مهسا تسلیمی
الهام باریکانی
استادیار اقتصاد کشاورزی، موسسه پژوهش های برنامه ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، تهران، ایران.
10.30490/etr.2026.367599.1074
چکیده
اقتصاد روستایی ایران متکی بر فعالیت‌های کشاورزی کم‌درآمد و آسیب‌پذیر در برابر شوک‌های اقلیمی و اقتصادی است که فقر و ناپایداری معیشت را تشدید می‌کند. تنوع‌بخشی معیشت به‌عنوان راهبردی کلیدی برای افزایش تاب‌آوری مطرح است، اما فقدان چارچوب سیاست‌محور بومی مانع برنامه‌ریزی مؤثر شده است. این پژوهش با هدف استخراج و بومی‌سازی مسیرهای سیاست‌پذیر تنوع‌بخشی معیشت روستایی در ایران و با اتکا به تجربه‌های موفق داخلی و بین‌المللی انجام شد. روش تحقیق از نوع مرور تحلیلی هدفمند با رویکرد سیاست‌محور و مبتنی بر چارچوب نظری معیشت پایدار است. جست‌وجوی منابع در Google Scholar، SID، Magiran و پایگاه‌های بین‌المللی با کلیدواژه‌هایی چونlivelihood diversification، sustainable livelihoods، «فقر روستایی» و «تاب‌آوری» صورت گرفت. غربالگری منابع بر اساس تناسب مفهومی با مؤلفه‌های معیشت پایدار، ارتباط با پیامدهای اقتصادی و اجتماعی و قابلیت کاربرد در ایران انجام شد. منابع منتخب با روش تحلیل تماتیک و مقایسه‌ای بررسی گردید و الگوهای معیشتی در سه دسته «بهبودیافته»، «مکمل یا متنوع» و «جایگزین» طبقه‌بندی شدند. الگوی موفق، الگویی است که موجب بهبود تاب‌آوری و کاهش فقر شده است. کشورهای منتخب شامل یمن، نپال، هند، ترکیه، ماداگاسکار، پاکستان، عراق، اسپانیا و مکزیک بودند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد الگوهایی نظیر کشاورزی مقاوم به اقلیم، فناوری‌های کم‌آب، انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر و گروه‌های اعتباری خرد زنان، برای مناطق خشک ایران مطلوب‌اند. در نتیجه، پیشنهادهای سیاستی در سه سطح ملی، استانی و محلی ارائه شد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
تاب‌آوری
تنوع‌بخشی معیشت
توسعه پایدار
سیاست‌گذاری روستایی
انواع معیشت.

عنوان مقاله English

Diversification of Rural Livelihoods: Localization of Global Model

نویسندگان English

Mahsa Taslimi
Elham Barikani
Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Planning Research, Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

Introduction: In today's societies, livelihood provision, particularly in rural communities that are often the focal point of poverty in developing countries, is one of the greatest challenges in planning; as on the one hand, excessive and irrational exploitation, and on the other, inadequate productivity in utilizing existing resources in villages, have led to livelihood problems and various instabilities in villages as the main centers of agricultural production. Rural economy is linked to its agricultural and non-agricultural productions, and the status of a rural area depends on multiple factors natural, economic, geographical, social, financial, commercial, and industrial. Since most people in rural areas of developing countries are poor and small-scale, severe livelihood changes occur in these regions; therefore, it is necessary to make changes in rural livelihood methods to develop and sustainable the livelihoods in rural areas. In Iran, like many developing countries, the rural economy largely relies on agricultural activities, livestock farming, and handicrafts, which do not generate a significant per-capita income for rural households compared to industrial and service sectors. Studies show that absolute poverty is considerably higher among rural households than urban ones, and one of the main factors is the income vulnerability of many rural people to natural and non-natural shocks.
Materials and Methods: This research is a review-analytical study with a policy-focused approach, conducted with the aim of Indigenization of rural livelihood diversification paths to the conditions in Iran. The research approach is qualitative and based on secondary analysis of scientific studies and policy documents. It is important to note that this study does not fall under the category of systematic reviews in the classical sense (such as Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)) , but rather it is a targeted and analytical review with an emphasis on extracting policy implications for Iran. Data collection was carried out through a targeted review of domestic and international scientific literature. The resources utilized included Persian and English scientific research articles, reports from international institutions such as the World Bank, FAO, and UNDP. The search for resources was conducted using databases like Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran, as well as international open-access databases, based on a combination of keywords including "livelihood diversification", "sustainable rural livelihoods", "rural poverty", "resilience of livelihoods". Resources were selected based on criteria such as direct relevance to rural livelihoods and income diversification, focus on economic, social, or environmental impacts, usability for analyzing conditions in Iran, publication within the time frame of 2005 to 2025, and the presence of a clear analytical method.
Results and Discussion: A review of the studies conducted in Iran shows that a considerable portion of researches have investigated the role of diversification of economic activities in rural sustainability, poverty reduction and improving the quality of life in rural households mainly local or provincial scale. These studies, while emphasizing the importance of diversity of income sources, refer to institutional, infrastructural and social constraints as the main barriers of diversification, However, there has been less focus on systematically categorizing types of diversification routes and linking them to spatial planning and national policymaking. This void underscores the need for a coherent framework to organize and policy-oriented utilization of livelihood patterns at the national level. A careful review of domestic studies in Iran reveals that while researchers have not explicitly used the terms «Enhanced livelihoods» , «complementary or diversified livelihoods» , and «alternative livelihoods» , a significant portion of these studies implicitly aligns with one of these three livelihood paths. These studies have primarily focused on strengthening existing activities, gradually diversifying income sources, or, in limited cases, fundamentally changing livelihood patterns in crisis conditions. Therefore, in this research, domestic studies in Iran have not only been reported but also reinterpreted and analyzed within the framework of the aforementioned triple framework of livelihood, in order to establish an analytical connection between domestic literature and international experiences. Based on this, studies related to sustainable rural livelihoods in Iran can be categorized into five main axes:
1.       Diversity of Livelihoods, Resilience, and Climate Change (13 studies): Emphasizing the role of economic activity diversity in reducing vulnerability and enhancing climate change adaptation.
2.       Livelihood capitals and determinate factors (12 studies): Focusing on the role of human, natural, financial, and social capitals in shaping livelihood strategies.
3.       Complementary Livelihoods and Local Economies (9 Studies): Examining activities such as tourism, livestock farming, and home-based businesses to strengthen existing livelihoods.
4.       Sustainable Livelihoods Based on Ecosystems (6 Studies): Linking Natural Resource Conservation with Livelihood Sustainability.
5.       Framework Studies, Modeling, and Future Forecasting (8 Studies): Emphasizing Institutional Interventions and Integrated Policies for Diversifying Livelihoods.
Additionally, a geographical analysis of the studies revealed that they were primarily focused on the Western and northwest provinces (Kurdistan, West Azerbaijan, Ilam, and Hamadan with a complementary approach), the North (Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan with an emphasis on resilience and ecotourism), Central and semi-arid regions (Tehran, Semnan, Zanjan with a focus on climate adaptability) , the East (Khuzestan with climate resilience), the South (Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchistan with a Livelihood transition), and wetland areas. Out of the approximately 51 domestic studies reviewed, only 27 directly aligned with the triple framework of livelihood (Enhanced: 7 studies, complementary or diverse: 8 studies, alternative: 12 studies). These studies were predominantly conducted in the western, northern, and southern provinces of the country.
Conclusions: Despite the high potential for implementation of many proposed patterns, their success hinges on overcoming deeply rooted structural and institutional challenges in Iran. These challenges include the weakness of local institutions (such as genuine and sustainable cooperatives), the Inconsistency and frequent changes in agricultural and rural development macro policies, limited access to formal financial and credit markets for rural households, and a lack of basic infrastructure in deprived areas. Therefore, the policy recommendations of this research, especially at the national and provincial levels, should be considered as corrective prerequisites for creating an appropriate foundation for implementing livelihood paths. In general, the allocation of rural livelihood diversification activities in Iran is better done based on a combination of climatic and socio-economic types.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Resilience
Livelihood Diversification
Sustainable Development
Rural Policy
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